The Negative Side of Copyright Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Negative Side of Copyright - Essay Example Copyright protection only enables the developer of software to deter the software’s copying or copying of the source code. Software copyright does not provide protection against the copying of any process, method of operation, procedure, system, principle, discovery, or concept in the software. In addition to that, software copyright does not provide any surety against independent development of software of the like. A vast majority of the software products cannot address the variety of requirements set forth to get broad protection that the patent law can afford. Most applications of software patent face problems because of the requirement for the invention to be not obvious and be new. Nevertheless, this requirement helps in the process analyzing if or not an individual should pursue copyright protection or patent. â€Å"because copyrights protect the implementation (the actual code) but not the concept, copyrights do not prevent someone from implementing an algorithm in a different programming language or with a different set of routines, for example, offering almost no protection for something as complex and flexible as software† (Zeidman, 2011, p. 93). The look and feel of software amount to behavior and thus copyright should not be used to protect them in software; the Computer Law Review Committee (CLRC) did not recommend additional protection forms for the displays on screen (Lai, 2000, p. 66). While software copyright has imposed a range of hindrances and hurdles in the way of development and spread of knowledge, free software has generated a lot of benefits. On the technological side, free software sets the stage for open source projects. One of its key examples is the development of Linux as the operating system in which functions of the free software movement serve as pre-requisite for the open source software. Linux could not have been developed and adopted as effectively without free software as it has

Yuh Ji-Yeon Essay Example for Free

Yuh Ji-Yeon Essay Looking at America from a broader multicultural perspective is more realistic. Truly, America is a melting pot of a lot of different cultures. America does not belong only to the fair-skinned caucasians. Reality is that yellow, brown, red, and black Americans live on the same plains as the whites. Yuh Ji-Yeon puts it this way, â€Å"America is a multicultural nation, composed of many people with varying histories and varying traditions who have little in common except their humanity, a belief in democracy and a desire for freedom† (518). This is the honest truth. Looking at our country from this perspective, which is an honest one, helps us deal with our issues in a more realistic and honest way. We can therefore address these issues more easily and we can formulate better solutions all because we started on an honest premise. This is the benefit which we get from assimilating this point of perspection. Once we realize that America does not belong only to the whites but also to a multitudes of other cultures, we start to see things differently. We learn to live life in harmony with them and accept them as brothers. Yuh Ji-Yeon submits, â€Å"downplaying ethnicity will not bolster national unity† (519). When we were taught that America is predominantly white, in our subconscious we were developing the idea that what is not white is not American. This is where our racial prejudice starts. Viewing America as a multicultural country at the outset, nips our discriminatory tendencies at the bud. Once we get rid of our prejudices, life here in this country will be more peaceful. This is the second benefit. Once we learn to live in this country as one people regardless of ethnic origin, we will have peace and harmony as far as racial discrimination is concerned since we can learn to work hand in hand with each other. We will be foregoing our biases when we look at others. We will be seeing people not color. We will be judging them by their individual personalities and not by their skin color. This will level the playing field of opportunities for every citizen. And it is only then that we can say that America is a country which holds equality for all. And there is nothing better than a heart that is at peace. When it is easy to live with each other, we have peace of minds and hearts. And once we have done this, we could show the world that a peace and unity which transcends skin color and ethnic origin can exist in this world. That then, we could be its example. The first thing to do in order to understand the subcultures in this country better is to erase traces of prejudice in the mind. Simply, adopt the idea that America is not white. Accept that all citizens are Americans even if all are not white. If this is hard, just remember that the first people who settled in this country were not white. As succinctly stated by the essay, â€Å"recognize that America was shaped and continues to be shaped by people of diverse backgrounds† (518). Second, as Yuh Ji-Yeon did, read history by yourself. Read on those parts which are not being taught inside the classrooms. Read those written by black and brown Americans so that you will see history from all perspectives. From there you can see how history really happened. Just remember that historians, when they wrote history, had biases and these may be reflected in their works. So seek other perspectives of how history happened and decide for yourself which version you will adopt. As Yuh Ji-Yeon puts it, â€Å"there is more than one way of viewing the world† (518). And lastly, adopt what is suggested by the report â€Å"One Nation, Many Peoples: A Declaration of Cultural Interdependence†. The report â€Å"calls for students to be taught that history is an ongoing process of discovery and interpretation of the past † (518). In short, we must recognize that whatever we do today, we are making history. We should act with this thought in mind.

Callisto the Satellite of Jupiter Essay -- Astronomy

It’s easy to see why not much attention is paid to Callisto. For four hundred years, Callisto appeared only as the fourth dot away when gazing at Jupiter through a telescope. It also didn’t help Callisto gain attention by orbiting Jupiter. Jupiter may be one of the most intriguing objects that astronomers have yet to study. Jupiter is the king of the planets. With its complex bands and zones, Great Red Spot, and sheer size, Jupiter has captured our imaginations and has pushed us to learn and explore all we can about it. Now, with our Pioneer, Voyager, and especially Galileo spacecrafts, we have uncovered mysteries of Callisto that give our minds and imaginations quite a workout. John D. Anderson used Radio Doppler data collected by the Deep Space Network from five encounters of the Galileo spacecraft with Callisto. From this data him and his team found that Callisto has a mean radius of 2410.3 km, with no detectable deviation from sphericity. They assembled this data measuring three principle axes, and all three axes were equal to the mean radius with a realistic error of 1.5 km (Anderson et al., 2001). This places Callisto as the third largest satellite in the Solar System, slightly smaller than Mercury, but 1330 km in radius larger than Pluto. Callisto does have an atmosphere. This is not comparable to the atmosphere of Titan or any other planet with a significant atmosphere. Nonetheless, an off-limb scan of Callisto was conducted by the Galileo near-infrared mapping spectrometer in hopes to detect a carbon dioxide atmosphere. Airglow in the 4.26 ÃŽ ¼m carbon dioxide band was indeed observed up to 100 km above the surface. This indicates the presence of a tenuous carbon dioxide atmosphere with surface pressure o... ...820 - 821. Dutch, Steven. "Crater Forms." Natural and Applied Sciences. 10 05. 1999. University of Wisconsin. 07 12. 2005 . Kivelson, M. G. et al. (1999). Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Science, 104, A3, 4609- 4625 Moore J., and Malin M. (1988). Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 225. Schenk P. (1993). Journal ofGeophysics Research, 98, 7475. Spudis, Paul. The Geology of Multi-Ring Impact Basins. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Thomas, C. and Ghail, R.C.. "The Internal Structure of Callisto." Lunar and Planetary Science 2002: 1196-1197. Thorarinsson, S. (1957) The JÃ ¶kulhlaup from the Katla area in 1955 compared with other JÃ ¶kulhlaups in Iceland. JÃ ¶kull 7, 21-25 Wagner, R., Wolf, U, and Neukum, G.. "Crater Size Distribution on Callisto." Lunar and Planetary Science 2004: 1964-1965.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay examples -- A Dolls House Essays

Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, considers a very delicate situation experienced by a Scandinavian family in 1879. Nora Helmer, the main character and adored wife of Torvald faces a life-altering dilemma. She has to decide whether to remain with her obsessive husband in his sheltered home, playing the part of a doll, or take the initiative to leave and seek out her own individuality. There are three minor characters that have a significant impact on the final decision that Nora attains. Each one, representing some particular social aspect, is essential to the development of Nora’s character. Krogstad, Dr. Rank and Mrs. Linde have all had a long-standing relationship with the Helmer family, but neither character can provide Nora with a completely reassuring path to follow. She must discover this for herself, as they can only help to point her in another direction other than the one that Torvald has. Nils Krogstad is in fear of losing his job at the bank. He will stop at nothing in order to retain his position, as he has struggled relentlessly to get to where he is now. Krogstad was guilty of committing the same crime as that of Nora and although their motives were different, the law still regards their actions as fraudulent. In all of his ruthlessness and selfishness, Krogstad represents the desperation that Nora experience’s throughout the play as she tries to figure a way out of her desperate situation. She had gone to him in her time of need and now he has approached her in his time of despair. However, she is unable to assist him because it would mean that she would have to involve Torvald and that is the last thing she wants to happen. Thus, Krogstad retaliates by explaining to her that if he goes down, she will go with him. “But I tell you this: if I’m pitched out a second time, you are going to keep me company';(Ibsen 29). He shows no sympathy, as he doe s not hesitate to destroy the reputations of both Nora and Helmer for his own benefit and to further his own standing in society. The character of Krogstad demonstrates that although one can overcome their fault and eventually move on with life, that person will ultimately revert to other similar acts of ruthlessness later in life. Dr. Rank is also a long-time acquaintance of the Helmer’s and makes frequent visits to their household. ... ...many hardships however, she provides Nora with assurance, a sense of hope that women can make a living on their own, without a husband at their side.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the end, all three minor characters have undergone a radical change, having arrived at some other position in life. Krogstad and Mrs. Linde have become a couple, and Dr. Rank is soon to pass away. This is significant, as Nora has chosen to abandon her family to pursue her own independence and individuality. She will no longer play the part of a doll and depend on Torvald to support her and resolve all of her problems and thus, takes a giant step forward towards the development of women as their own individuals. Ibsen’s A Doll’s House explores the role of women in the late 1800’s and stresses the importance of their realization of this believed inferiority. Living in our present day society sometimes causes us to underestimate the transition that women have undergone throughout these last hundred years. However, Nora’s progression at the end of the play arouses an awareness to an awakening society recognizing the changing view of the stat us of women at that time.

Child Labor as a crime

Childhood is a vital and powerful experience in each individual's lifetime. It is the most important and impressionable period of learning. Throughout all of the highs and the lows, childhood is remembered forever. Although children have many rights, in some developing countries these rights are not always protected. Older, manipulative adults are taking advantage of children to make a profit for themselves. This is known as child labour, and it happens much more than many people realize. Child labour is corrupt and there is no place for it in our modern world today. Child labour happens in many countries. There are many reasons why children are being exploited. First of all, nothing much seems to be happening to prevent it. Child labour must be eliminated as quickly as possible, before many more children get trapped, like the millions who already have in the past. Secondly, many children are too young to realize that what is happening to them is wrong and illegal. Children under the legal age to work in these developing countries, have more important things they should be involved with than labour. Each child deserves a good education, as well as the opportunity to enjoy life, learn new things, and most importantly have fun. Hard labour at an early age can really affect a person's outcome in the future. This terrible scam does not give children a fair chance in life; the chance for them to achieve their full potential. Child labour involves children working at a very young age. The majority of children are between the ages of five to fourteen years. Children at this age in many developing countries work hard each and everyday with very low pay. Millions of youth are forced to work without any real choice whatsoever. The work absorbs so much of their time that school attendance is impossible. School is a very important period in life. School is where humans learn almost all the information they need to know and to use in the future. Education is a must and children should attend school; they should not be forced to work. One out of every four children in developing countries work. This is a sad statistic. Millions of children work and none of them should have to. The children get paid so very little. Some children at this age, do not know how little they are getting paid. It's not okay that the children are working under these conditions and it is not okay that they are getting underpaid. On average, children will earn less then half the pay of a wage-earning adult with seven years of education. This is happening because of many reasons. Children are more malleable; they will do what they are told without asking any questions. They are much more powerless. They are also more unlikely to organize against oppression and they can be physically abused without striking back. Some customs in developing countries are much different then in Canada. For instance, in some developing countries, some people think that low-caste children should work rather than go to school. They believe this is their only option and that they don't need an education. In these countries, children are forced to mature much too quickly and they are not allowed to be ‘a kid' for very long. Some children are forced to work to support their family. The parents of these youths are mostly not employed and can't find work or are very poorly paid. The child's parents look upon them to bring in some money for the family. The roles of parent and child have been reversed. It should not be allowed. The adults have more experience, more time, usually a better education, and a lot more knowledge. The children should definitely not have to suffer and to be forced to work. Employers get away with paying children a whole lot less. It is mainly because there is no one to stop this from happening. Children become relied on and it is just not fair. Many countries have different laws for a minimum working age. In some countries there are no minimum age for working; the average is fifteen years old. In some countries, the age is between sixteen and eighteen. Any age below fifteen is much too young to be given that much responsibility. The work that is demanded of children is long, and performed in dangerous conditions. This is unacceptable, and would not come close to today's standards in Canada. Children are forced to work long days with little or no food, no breaks, and they sometimes have to work up to six days a week. This is more than the average Canadian has to work, and these employees are only five to twelve years of age. The majority of the employers take no account of the children's legal rights. They are deprived of schooling, play, and social activity. They are also denied the emotional support of friends and family. The children are also vulnerable to physical and sexual abuse. These conditions would be very hard to accept and live with for the average adult, much less a child as young as five. Children in these countries are taught at an early age to accept the conditions of their jobs, and not to challenge them. Most parents of these children are surprisingly not against this. In fact, in some developing countries, the parents of a less wealthy family will often sign over their off-spring to factory owners, or their agents for small loans. The culture is in fact, a lot different in these countries then most cultures in North America, but this should not take place under any conditions. Parents are forced to sell their own children. Most people would think that this is unheard of, but it occurs everyday. This is wrong and should not take place. Children belong to their parents and nothing should have to come between them. The children don't have a choice; they are powerless and they usually don't even know what is going on. Some factory owners have kept the children in captivity, tortured them and forced them to work for twenty hours straight without a break. In some jobs, where a child is forced to do hard labour work, life expectancy has been reduced to twenty-five years or younger. This is almost like murder, and if not murder, certainly an extreme case of child abuse. Child labour is not allowing these children to live a full life. This slavery has to be stopped before it claims the lives of others. Nobody in this world, especially children, are capable of working so hard for so many hours. Recently, many people from the US and Canada have brought this terrible situation to the attention of others. Petitions are now being signed to try to stop what is going on in these poor, developing countries. Craig Kielburger, a young boy from Toronto, is making a name for himself, as child labour activist. At age thirteen, Craig went to Asia for seven weeks, and found out the truth about child labour. He has informed many people about child slavery, and now he has an organization under way, throughout North America. Everybody in this world can really make a big impact on this issue. Since Craig told the world about child labour, thousands of people have pitched in to help solve the problem. UNICEF has done a lot in the last couple years to stop child labour. Slavery was thought to be ended hundreds of years ago, but yet little does the world know, it still takes place today. Abusing power has to be stopped. Taking advantage of innocent little boys and girls, is not right. All children should receive an education so that they can live a better life when they grow up, and feel good about themselves as people. There are a few more key steps that will have to take place to fix this disastrous situation. First, the immediate elimination of hazardous and exploitative child labour is necessary. This means governments must take strong action against anything that hampers the child's physical, social, cognitive, emotional, or moral development. They must also provide free and compulsory education. Birth registration of all children is a must. Registration is essential to ensure the child's rights, such as access to education, health care and other services, as well as, to provide employers and labour inspectors with evidence of every child's age. If these important steps are followed, child labour will go down, and quickly. Child labour is cruel and in appropriate. It infringes on children's rights, and it is just simply not fair. Child labour has been happening for a long time, but the majority of people tend to ignore it and shrug it off. Actions are now being taken to stop child labour. These deeds will slow down, and hopefully end child labour for good. The world will be a richer, happier place for all if child labour is stopped.

buy custom Curriculum Domain essay

buy custom Curriculum Domain essay The domain of curriculum calls for the maintenance of professionalism and the establishment of accountability standards that ensures that the graduate acquires the appropriate behaviors and skills for a fruitful practice in the real world of curriculum work, which is significant to the success of the schools in the implementation plan. Numerous department and colleges dealing with educators has the responsibility of providing the necessary leadership and help schools in improvement initiatives by the establishment of criteria for the emerging specialists in curriculum. Knowledge bases are integral factors of disciplines. They assist in the development of frameworks that would identify the main components responsible for characterization of disciplines, which help the scholars and practitioners in accessing the basic knowledge in a certain discipline. There has been existence of significant transitions as efforts for identification of the knowledge base that could be operational. The knowledge bases that relevant to curriculum studies could be conceptualized as classical research domains; topical categories, and paradigms of education for the teacher. Knowledge bases encompass varied way for identification that are necessary for professional educators that are essential for practice. This knowledge base could be developed from numerous source documents including textbooks, which summarizes the main principles and the available concepts from theories, researches, and practices. The knowledge bases are responsible for the provision of theoretical frameworks, which comprises of the fundamental knowledge, and current researches. Philosophical Perspective of Curriculum There are four cardinal philosophical perspectives employed in the enhancement of educational curriculum. Each of these educational philosophies has a close relationship with either one or many of the existing world philosophies. These educational, philosophical systems are presently utilized in every classroom in, the entire world. The existing philosophical perspective in education includes; Progressivism, Perennialism, Reconstructionism, Essentialism. All these philosophies greatly emphasizes on the content that should be taught, and their curriculum aspect. The Reconstructionist Curriculum Reconstruction curriculum was employed after the identification of the problem that the students faced as far as interpretation and evaluation of social problems is concerned. There was the need for commitment of the issues that were being discussed and encouraged in the taking of action as concerning constructive changes. The curriculum was based on economic and social factors as well as the social services. Reconstruction meant that the curriculum had involved the students in the critical analysis of the international, local, and the international community. The issues that were involved included; environment degradation, crime, poverty, political oppression, war, hunger, and unemployment among others. This policy was prompted after the realization of the numerous injustices that are in the society and the prejudices in terms of gender, socioeconomic status, and race. The schools has the responsibility of training the students against the practice of these injustices and even go a step further in the providing the resolution of the existing problem. The students should be equipped with the necessary information that would assist them in the courageous examination of the controversial issues. The students were expected to be equipped with the necessary skill of coming to consensus on various issues, thereby encouraging the implementation of group work. This curriculum was expected to be changing constantly to accommodate the developing issues in society. The students should be equipped with the necessary awareness concerning the global issues and the relationship between countries. The curriculum should emphasize on issues that enhance the global cooperation and mutual understanding. In order to deliver effectively on the existing intention of the curriculum, teachers are the prime agents of any social change, internationalism, and the renewal of various cultures. Therefore, reconstuctionist curriculum played an extremely vital role in emphasizing on social sciences than it did on science. These social sciences included; ethics, history, philosophy, sociology, religion, political science, poetry, and economics (Tanner, 1980). The Progressive Curriculum The progressive curriculum gives much emphasis on the social and the study of natural science. The teachers have the responsibility of introducing their students to the social developments, technological, and new scientific studies. The teacher should be able to broaden the learners personal experience; this can be enhanced by employing the use of the present community life in their teaching. The curriculum is centered on ones abilities, interests, and experience since; it is believed that one is better placed to understand the content of whatever they are being taught if the content is relevant to an individuals life. The teachers are expected to plan their lessons more so, if the lessons that they are about to teach would heighten the students curiosity and even prompt the students to think outside the box and knowldge construction. For instance, apart for the normal reading of books by the students, the students should be engaged in fieldworks, which sharpen their interaction with the society and nature (Heslep, 1997). The teachers should come up with ideas that would help in the enhancement of students interaction with each other. This helps in the development of social virtues that could include tolerance and cooperation with it comes to the difference in peoples point of view. The curriculum also advocates on the importance of teachers diversity. The teachers should not only be confined into doing a single discrete discipline at a given time but, also should introduce other lessons that would mix numerous different subjects. The teachers have the responsibility of exposing the student to curriculum that is seen to being more democratic and acknowledges the citizens accomplishments regardless of their cultural background, gender, and race. Progressive curriculum aims at making schooling both useful and enjoyable to the students, as well as the teachers. The school, home, and workplace should blend in the generation of persistent, useful learning skills in life. Progressivism intends to end the bo redom and monotony that have existed for many years. The students are expected to deal with the problems that exist in real life. Essentialism Curriculum Essentialism emphasizes on instilling the students with the essentials of the required knowledge in academics as well as developing ones character. William Bagley used this educational philosophy in the 1930s, later in the 1950s it was again used Admiral Rickover and Arthur Bestor. It gained numerous criticism after its introduction in the USA with the argument being on it rigidity. The fundamentals essentialism curriculum calls for the teaching of mathematics, literature, history, foreign languages, and natural science. This curriculum goes against the teaching of life adjustment, vocational and various that could be seen to watering down the academics content. The students who are in the elementary level are expected to be equipped with skills on writing, measurements, and reading. The students are not expected to dwell much in the subjects that deal the development of ones creativity such as music and art. The curriculum expects the student to have a deep understanding concerning a body of data and fundamental techniques, which gradually truncates from less to skills that are more sophisticated and detailed understanding. The student can only proceed to the next class after proving to competent with the required material (Hunkins, 1998). This curriculum is rigorous academically, for either the slow or the fast learners. The students are provided with a set of common subjects, which does not consider the students interest or skills. The system also advocates for long school day, as well as the academic year. There is also in the cooperation of challenging textbooks. It goes further in calling for classrooms orientation by teachers, who have a role of being the students intellectual and moral role models. The system advocates of the teacher-centered operation. The teacher has the full mandate of deciding the most significant area to teach regardless of the students interest since it diverts attention and time from learning the subjects that are academic. The teachers put more emphasis the results of the tests scores, they then use this in their evaluation of the students progress. The students are taught with the aim of making them culturally literate, which helps to possess a working skill about the events, ideas, people, and institutions that are crucial to society. It is the expectation of the essentialists that once the students are through with their education, with will has possessed the necessary skills and disciplined with practical minds with will help them in the application of knowledge in the setting of the real world. There is immense emphasis regarding discipline for the smoothing learning of the school situation. The students are equipped with necessary discipline in re gards to the authority governing the society and the school. Finally, the teachers should possess a high level of maturity and education, for effective transmission of knowledge to their students. The 19th Century Educators In the 19th century, there was the development of nationalism in Europe. This development brought along the belief that the power of education could be employed in the shaping of individuals and nations. They eventually came up with the development of the national school systems. It also helped in the changing of the attitude that people had towards women, and by the end of the 19th century, some countries had introduced secondary schools for women. These countries include Germany and France. The issue of coeducation was only among the extremely liberal educators. In the 19th century, small children who after the age of 10 or 11, most of them stopped schooling only attended the European elementary schools; the only ones who continued with the school were the few bright ones. The common subjects that were studied were reading, religion, arithmetic, and writing. This education was of low quality since the teachers did not have the required experience; most of the people who taught did so since they could not access any otheer job. The concern of various educators in the 19th century for individual development and welfare soon encompassed the children were had been considered uneducated initially. The Italian physician Maria Montessori introduced a school for the mentally retarded children in the year 1870 to 1952. The materials and the technique she employed were so effective that most of the children were able to learn on how to read and write just as the other children. In the early 1900s, Montessori was assigned to run childrens houses; it entailed children of ages between 3 to 7 years old. Here, she gave much emphasis to individual development and freedom. As regards to freedom, the children would be independent of other people as much as possible. The children were taught on practical tasks; for instance, cleaning their classrooms and dressing themselves. They were also provided with materials that would help them to see and correct their mistakes, making them independent of their teachers (Mackenzie, 200 7). Curriculum is affected by numerous factors. All these factors are aimed at meeting the requirements of the 21st century learners, which is both for the corporation learning centers and organized academic learning. The required curriculum calls for the selection of learning goals, and coming up with knowledge delivery models and at the same time developing assessment methods for a group and individuals progress. The effect of politics on a certain curriculum comes in where the government funds the public and private, educational institutions. The funding also helps in hiring of qualified personnel, establishment, and maintenance of equipments and facilities. The environmental effects include the world's awareness concerning revision and abolishing pollution persist affecting curriculum growth. The existing approaches to curriculum development are divided in two aspects. The first aspect of curriculum development involves the individuals initiative. This is whereby one an individual is self-driven into driving a faculty into greater heights without any external support. The second approach is a collective means of developing the curriculum. Here, it becomes every person initiative to pursue the faculty into greater heights. The process of changing a curriculum is not an abrupt process but rather it is a gradual effort where the involvement of numerous faculties, planning time, and professional development comes in handy. One of the most effective approach of by a certain faculty developing dialogue and access positive feedback from other faculty members, at this point, they might come up with probable goals and go to the extent of suggesting their final solution. Once a certain faculty is cognizant with the set targets and solutions, they can invite a professional who could be in charge of increasing the faculty understands about schooling and sustainability. Another method could be through accessing the available disciplines and grade levels and requesting the educators on the identification of a method that could be employed in the addressing of concepts, attitudes that could have a relation with sustainability, and skills required ( Glatthorn, 2009). Once there is an agreement about changing of the curriculum, time is extremely essential. The faculty requires the administrational support where it should agree on improving the existing curriculum. They also need to set aside enough time for planning. A mandatory commitment of 3 to 5 years timeline in charge of various transformations and allocation for time for planning and professional growth, which enables the faculty to use collaborative and thoughtful methods to avoid unexpected additional burdens (Wiles, 2009). In conclusion, numerous department and colleges dealing with educators has the responsibility of providing the necessary leadership and help schools in improvement initiatives by the establishment of criteria for the emerging specialists in curriculum. They assist in the development of frameworks that would identify the main components responsible for characterization of disciplines, which assists the scholars and practitioners in accessing the basic knowledge in a certain discipline. The common philosophical perspectives in education include Progressivism, Perennialism, Reconstructionism, and Essentialism. Reconstruction curriculum was introduced after the identification of the problem that the students faced as far as interpretation and evaluation of social problems is concerned. This curriculum dealt on the economic and social factors as well as the social services. The progressive curriculum gives much emphasis on the social and the study of natural science. Here, the teachers ha ve the responsibility of introducing their students to the social developments, technological, and new scientific studies as well as broadening the learners personal experience. Finally, essentialism curriculum, calls for the teaching of mathematics, literature, history, foreign languages, and nature? Its curriculum goes against the teaching of life adjustment, vocational and various that could be seen to watering down the academics content. The teacher has the mandate of deciding the significant area to teach regardless of the students interest since; it diverts attention and time from teaching the subjects are required. The teachers put more emphasis the results of the tests scores; they then use this in their evaluation of the students progress. Buy custom Curriculum Domain essay

Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy

Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy Free Online Research Papers Cognitive-behavioral play therapy is an approach to treating young children that adapts cognitive and behavior therapies in developmentally sensitive ways. Like adult-based cognitive and behavior therapies, cognitive-behavioral play therapy is psychoeducational in nature. However, the learning experiences designed to bring about cognitive and behavioral changes are transmitted through play activities through the use of both verbal and nonverbal forms of communication. Cognitive-behavioral play therapy is based on cognitive and behavioral theories of emotional development and disorder. CBPT is structured, directive, and problem-focused. CBPT involves the child in the treatment through play, using art materials, stuffed animals, puppets, and other toys. The childs thoughts and feelings are the focus as the therapist provides a strategy for developing more adaptive behaviors and thoughts. Rather than being open-ended, CBPT is goal oriented, directive, and structured. A primary goal of cognitive therapy is to identify and modify maladaptive thoughts associated with the patients symptoms (Bedrosian Beck, 1980, as cited in Knell, 1997). Cognitive therapy assumes that there is a relationship between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Mutual influences exist such that changes in one of these areas of functioning will result in changes in the other two areas. Cognitive behavioral therapy recognizes these influences while trying to modify a childs emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning. There are both similarities and differences between cognitive-behavioral play therapy and traditional play therapies. The similarities are the establishment of a positive therapeutic relationship, communication through play, creating a safe container for the child, and the therapist gathering clues to understand the child. The therapist observes how the child may view him or herself and others, problem-solving approaches, and conflicts and fantasies. Some of the ways in which CBPT differs from traditional play therapy include the establishment of specific goals, the therapist playing an active role in selecting materials and activities, using play to educate the child, and using praise to encourage positive behaviors. Before beginning treatment, the therapist may want to obtain the childs self-statements, assumptions, and beliefs. The therapist can obtain this information from parents, observation, and various psychological tests. After a thorough assessment of the child, the cognitive-behavioral interventions can be presented through role-play, positive reinforcement, and modeling (Knell, 1997). A child with school phobia might role-play the experience of going to school while using new coping skills, such as positive self-statements. The therapist might reward the child for using newly acquired skills to cope with school phobia. Modeling is used to demonstrate adaptive coping methods to the child. During treatment, problem situations are reenacted to help the child learn alternative ways to respond to or perceive various situations. The therapy must be designed to facilitate generalization. Therapeutic play scenarios should parallel the childs real-life situations. When working with children, it is important to help them develop the skills necessary to take what they have learned in therapy and apply it to a variety of settings. Significant adults in the childs life should reinforce the new behavior and be involved in the treatment. Relapse prevention should be included in the treatment in order to prepare the child and family for the possibility of later problems. The therapist can teach the child and his or her parents how to learn from these setbacks while accepting the belief that setbacks are part of the learning process (Knell, 1997). The therapist and family might identify high-risk situations and facilitate problem-solving and coping skills to manage these situations. REFERENCES Knell, Susan M. (1997). Child-centered play therapy. In Kevin J. OConnor Lisa Mages Braverman (Eds.), Play therapy theory and practice: A comparative presentation (pp. 17-45). New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Research Papers on Cognitive-Behavioral Play TherapyThree Concepts of PsychodynamicEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is ArtIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Italian Vowels - Pronunciation Examples

Italian Vowels s Italian vowels ( le vocali a i u e o The approximate English equivalents are as follows: a is like a in the English word ah! Italian / Englishcasa  Ã‚  houseantipasto  Ã‚  appetizerama  Ã‚  lovesbanana  Ã‚  bananasala  Ã‚  hallPapa  Ã‚  Popefama  Ã‚  famepasta  Ã‚  pasta; dough; pastry e is sometimes like e in the English word they (without the final i glide). Italian / Englishe  Ã‚  andbeve  Ã‚  drinksme  Ã‚  mefede  Ã‚  faithvede  Ã‚  seesmele  Ã‚  applessete  Ã‚  thirstpepe  Ã‚  pepper e is sometimes like e in the word met. This is the open e. Italian / Englishà ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  islento  Ã‚  slowbene  Ã‚  wellfesta  Ã‚  party; holidaysedia  Ã‚  chairpresto  Ã‚  soonvento  Ã‚  windtà ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  tea i is like i in machine. Italian / Englishlibri  Ã‚  booksbimbi  Ã‚  childrenvini  Ã‚  winesviolini  Ã‚  violinstini  Ã‚  vatspini  Ã‚  pines o is sometimes like o in the English word oh!. Italian / Englisho  Ã‚  ordono  Ã‚  giftnome  Ã‚  namesolo  Ã‚  aloneposto  Ã‚  placetondo  Ã‚  roundvolo  Ã‚  flightmondo  Ã‚  world o is sometimes like o in or. This is the open o. Italian / Englishmoda  Ã‚  fashiontoga  Ã‚  togano  Ã‚  nooro  Ã‚  goldposta  Ã‚  mailbrodo  Ã‚  brothcosa  Ã‚  thingtrono  Ã‚  thronerosa  Ã‚  roseolio  Ã‚  oil u is like u in rule. Italian / Englishluna  Ã‚  moonfungo  Ã‚  mushroomuno  Ã‚  onelungo  Ã‚  longfuga  Ã‚  fuguemulo  Ã‚  muleuso  Ã‚  usetubo  Ã‚  tube

Labor Unions and Their Impact on the Economy Essay - 1

Labor Unions and Their Impact on the Economy - Essay Example As the report declares the state employees are not happy with the proposal of the governor that they would have to make a contribution of 5.8 % of their salary towards schemes of pension along with the payment of 12.6 % of their insurance premiums for health. In this report of the research paper, various arguments in support of the union’s protest will be presented.This paper highlights that on  February 15, 2011, the public employees, community supporters and union activists in a number of more than 15,000 jammed at the Capitol Square in Madison for protesting the governor’s plan to band the rights of the workers and demolish jobs of middle class community of the society. The governor denied making any changes in his plans and has mentioned that if the bill is not passed by the state legislature, he would compel massive layoffs along with hampering of state services and thus would cost several jobs.  The move of the governor has been demonstrated as a way of politi cal business that is interested in taking the rights away from the people. The appeal of a few protestors is such that they are in complete support to the governor’s activities for balancing the budget but not at the sake of the worker’s rights, as evident from the views of a retired Communications Workers of America member.  The protestors mentioned that the governor was imparting the bad effects of a budget bill by setting up such a policy that would take away the general rights of the people.

Crisis at Canoe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crisis at Canoe - Essay Example ordinance will be the primary means used to measure how food handling, storage, and preparation are carried out at the Canoe premises, although some other general observations will be made. When I arrived at the Canoe location, I observed how busy the kitchen was when preparing for the lunch service. This tends to suggest that demand in the local area is high and Aqua can adequately keep up with high demand. Furthermore, all of the kitchen staff were dressed in bright, clean uniforms. Appearance is everything when it comes to making food, even if many of the cooks are never seen by the patrons. Unfortunately, this is where the successful practices stopped. I felt a little warm while in the kitchen, and so took off my coat only to realize that the kitchen thermometer read 73 degrees F. What I witnessed next shocked me completely; a large frozen turkey was defrosting in a dish on the counter. This violates two components of the LA county restaurant grading ordinance. The first is that the temperature should have been no higher than 70 degrees F. The second is that the ordinance only allows frozen food to be thawed under running water at no higher than the previously mentioned temperature. This is in gross violation of the ordinance, and could result in severe penalties if an inspector witnessed this event. Apart from the issue with the turkey defrosting on the counter, the assistant head chef was preparing a chicken casserole and beef vegetable soup when I noticed that the woman did not wash an instrument when switching from preparation of one type of meat to the other. Once again, this violates the ordinance in two instances; equipment must be cleaned between uses and the temperature should not be in the danger zone (40 degrees F to 140 degrees F). One positive action that I witnessed was that the chef and all his assistants were wearing gloves, yet none of them were wearing hair nets. The ordinance requires safety hair nets, gloves, and clean uniforms at all

Nuclear Program of North Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Nuclear Program of North Korea - Essay Example First of all, North Koreans could be trying to create a new relationship with the United States. On the other hand, this country could have been engaging in such a program in order to deter the United States. (Coughlin, 2000) In fact during the past, some people have asserted that the reason why North Korea has been doing this is so that they could foster trade agreements or other economic aids. On the other hand, the west would have the ability to restrain weapons made by past communist governments in North Korea. Not all people believe that this is the latter statement is the truth but it is difficult for one to determine whether it is the former assertion that is more convincing than the latter. (Niksch, 2002) It should be noted that North Korea has given its arguments in the past for engaging in nuclear programs. They asserted that there was a need to protect themselves from any sort of aggression especially from Japan, South Korea or even the United States. The North Koreans assert that they have no way of fully understanding what the real intentions of the US and other countries are towards them. Consequently, the nuclear program is a way in which North Korea can deter the security threat that can be presented from any of the above countries. While members of this country feel that this could actually be a valid argument, one cannot help but notice how insufficient it is. All the latter mentioned countries have communicated their intentions to North Korea; consequently, it becomes very difficult to know whether North Korea's arguments hold water or not. (Minchoel, 2003) Relevant historical information The nuclear program began as far back as the early nineteen sixties. At that time, the North Korean government felt that there was a need to create a fortress around North Korea by militarizing this country. This decision led to the creation of an atomic energy complex. (Bill, 2001)The country obtained students who had received their education from the Soviet and it latter placed them in training programs located at Yongbyon. At that time, the country opted to create a nuclear research centre to be located in the latter mentioned town. Here, the country was working hand in hand with the Soviet to carry out their nuclear related activities. (Albright & O'Neill, 2001) It should be noted that in the year 1965, the Soviet built a research reactor on behalf of the North Korean centre. This was the year which marked a steady supply of nuclear enriched fuel elements that were supplied to the North Korean region. This pattern of cooperation continued between the Soviet and North Korea until 1973. It should also be noted that the latter program could continue quite successfully owing to the fact that there are about four million tons worth of uranium found in North Korean mines. During the nineteen Seventies, North Korea largely focused on the process of understanding the nuclear fuel cycle. Here, they dwelt on converting, refining and fabrication of this element. Also, in that decade, North Korea was particularly effective in creating a nuclear reactor that closely resembled that one in the Soviet and other related countries through a

Swimming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Swimming - Essay Example In addition, a literature review allows for the experience of swimming to be further examined and then related back to the interviews in order to provide more context for the act of swimming laps. Introduction and Literature Review The sport of swimming is defined by the luxury of water as it creates sensations of pleasure through the defined experiences of the physical exertion of swimming. In addition, there is a social component as public swimming areas provide a temporary, but somewhat closed system of society in which a natural hierarchy is experienced. The following literature review provides context for the exploration of the topic of pleasure as it relates to the event of swimming through primary research that has been done from interviews with two female swimmers who participate in the event of swimming on a regular basis. The discovery of pleasure centers in the brain give some meaning to the experience of pleasure as it is felt within biological creatures. Pleasure and sen sation are not the same thing because pleasure is a definition of a type of sensation. The philosophy of pleasure is tied to the physiology of sensation, but sensation is not always required for pleasure. Puccetti (1969) conducted experiments trying to define the pleasure centers and concluded that pleasure was within the brain and could be located. Despite the fact that he also found the center of punishment, and that a monkey would deteriorate quickly if the punishment center was stimulated repeated over the course of hours, indicates that there is more to punishment and pleasure through physical understanding of the event than can be found in philosophical discourse. Without the development of a way to understand how and why something creates pleasure, the idea that a physical component is involved is almost moot. Pleasure is a discourse as much as an experience (Puccetti 1969). It is the framing of ideas that result in something that extends into the social and cultural experien ce. For the purposes of this study, understanding that the physiological concept of pleasure is less important than the philosophical informed the research on the meaning of the experience over the sensation. The researcher could discern the difference between understanding why it create a feeling in contrast to what is involved in creating the sensation of pleasure in reference to the event. According to Busch (2007), the Hudson River is a place of deep history. In the late 1990s a team of scientists decided to create a sonar map of the river bed floor in order to investigate data relevant to marine life habitation. However, what they discovered was more than 200 wrecks that catalogued centuries of history from the time of the American Revolution, through the subsequent river tragedies. In addition, a 3000 year old wall that had been built at a time when the river was at a lower level was also found. In placing oneself into the water, leaving one’s own DNA trailing behind as one cuts a path through the water, a connection is made to the past and to the future. Each side of the river can be defined through space and time. The bank that one leaves is gone as the body moves through the water, reaching and striving for the other side in order to make a statement that

Islamic Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islamic Architecture - Essay Example Islamic architects borrowed much from the fallen Persian Empire’s architecture. Much later after seeing fusions with many traditions, when Islam came into the subcontinent, the already prevailing Indian architecture had to adapt itself with this new religion (Metcalf). Arches, mosques and domes began to appear on the scene along with the Hindu mandirs. Muslim rulers introduced these Islamic traditions and also borrowed elements from Hindu architecture to further decorate their own buildings. Islamic architecture was represented by a distinctive regional panache. This was the time when Islamic architecture was heavily under the influence of Persian, Turkish and Jerkasi traditions followed by Fatmids, Salejuqs, Atabeqids, Ayyubids, Mamluks, and Ottomans. The influences upon the architecture were not the choice of Muslim architects and artist; instead, they were Muslim rulers who decided to incorporate foreign traditional elements prevailing in the environment, to enhance their o wn architecture. The most significant examples of Islamic architecture facing syncretism are seen during the Mughal period. Buildings that were constructed during Mughal era were inspired by the Indian architecture with slight touches from Persian architecture. The city of Fatehpur Sikri shows big examples of fusion of Hindu and Islamic architecture encouraged by Akbar. Taj Mahal in Agra depicts religious syncretism and is famous for its beautiful architecture enhanced by white marbles, sophisticated carvings and minarets. These styles that were encouraged during the medieval period were neither purely Islamic nor Indian; instead, these were a fusion of the two religions and their traditions. Going back into history, Ottomans inculcated Byzantine architectural features into Islamic architecture when they took the city from Byzantines and transformed the cathedral into a mosque.

Swimming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Swimming - Essay Example In addition, a literature review allows for the experience of swimming to be further examined and then related back to the interviews in order to provide more context for the act of swimming laps. Introduction and Literature Review The sport of swimming is defined by the luxury of water as it creates sensations of pleasure through the defined experiences of the physical exertion of swimming. In addition, there is a social component as public swimming areas provide a temporary, but somewhat closed system of society in which a natural hierarchy is experienced. The following literature review provides context for the exploration of the topic of pleasure as it relates to the event of swimming through primary research that has been done from interviews with two female swimmers who participate in the event of swimming on a regular basis. The discovery of pleasure centers in the brain give some meaning to the experience of pleasure as it is felt within biological creatures. Pleasure and sen sation are not the same thing because pleasure is a definition of a type of sensation. The philosophy of pleasure is tied to the physiology of sensation, but sensation is not always required for pleasure. Puccetti (1969) conducted experiments trying to define the pleasure centers and concluded that pleasure was within the brain and could be located. Despite the fact that he also found the center of punishment, and that a monkey would deteriorate quickly if the punishment center was stimulated repeated over the course of hours, indicates that there is more to punishment and pleasure through physical understanding of the event than can be found in philosophical discourse. Without the development of a way to understand how and why something creates pleasure, the idea that a physical component is involved is almost moot. Pleasure is a discourse as much as an experience (Puccetti 1969). It is the framing of ideas that result in something that extends into the social and cultural experien ce. For the purposes of this study, understanding that the physiological concept of pleasure is less important than the philosophical informed the research on the meaning of the experience over the sensation. The researcher could discern the difference between understanding why it create a feeling in contrast to what is involved in creating the sensation of pleasure in reference to the event. According to Busch (2007), the Hudson River is a place of deep history. In the late 1990s a team of scientists decided to create a sonar map of the river bed floor in order to investigate data relevant to marine life habitation. However, what they discovered was more than 200 wrecks that catalogued centuries of history from the time of the American Revolution, through the subsequent river tragedies. In addition, a 3000 year old wall that had been built at a time when the river was at a lower level was also found. In placing oneself into the water, leaving one’s own DNA trailing behind as one cuts a path through the water, a connection is made to the past and to the future. Each side of the river can be defined through space and time. The bank that one leaves is gone as the body moves through the water, reaching and striving for the other side in order to make a statement that

Quit Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quit Smoking - Essay Example Statistical facts within the United States reveal that smoking is one among the leading preventable causes of death. The reason I choose this paper is that it explicitly states the side effects associated with direct smoking. In addition, it offers solutions necessary to enable addicts free themselves from this bondage. Furthermore, the message on this document will play a significant role in aiding those that have started smoking in the near time. On the other hand, it will discourage potential smokers. Apart from performing the function of warning, it widens the knowledge base about the effects of direct smoking. Consequently, this will allow a drastic reduction in the number of smokers globally with considering the current statistical trend. The act of smoking indirect tobacco or any other hazardous substance from the environment, makes one a second-hand smoke. In other words, second-hand smokers are also known as passive smokers. Effects arising from one being a passive smoker are not as harmful compared to those of direct smoking. Some of the effects that passive smokers are likely to encounter include premature deaths, increased chances of one to suffer from lung cancer, and from heart complications. Among children, it might also result to untimely death and ear complications. The document also provides the necessary solutions for non-smokers to avoiding these effects. The purpose of this web-document is to perform an educative role to both the smokers and the passive smokers. It has clearly illustrated some of the side effects associated with being a passive smoker. This report will make it possible for a smoker to protect the health status of the passive smokers. Similarly, the non-smokers will be able to avoid smoking zones or being around a burning cigarette. The report has offered effective solution that will ensure the health issues are a priority. Furthermore, through this document the smokers are expected to be more responsible in terms

Inta Omri by Oum Kalsoum Essay Example for Free

Inta Omri by Oum Kalsoum Essay Enta Omri is Egyptian singer and songwriter Oum Kalsoums best known work. The song Enta Omri has been revived and reinterpreted many times over the past few decades. Even then, no one can compare to the original recordings of Oum Kalsoum, who was the best singer to come from the Middle East. Many contemporary Western artists and musicians have been significantly influenced by her work. Famous artist known to be admirers of her body of work range from such stars as painter Salvador Dali to rock star Bono. Today, her popularity has not faded and the recordings of her songs continue to sell very well in the Middle East, with about one million records sold each year. The song Enta Omri has significantly influenced Oum Kalsoum as an artist. The lyrics of her subsequent songs followed the theme of Enta Omri, centered on the topics of love, longing for someone, or the loss of a loved one, much like the topics prevalent on country music today. Her musical performances are also very long by todays standards. While the official recording of the song Enta Omri is about an hour, her live performances could last for several hours. The people listening to her songs are mesmerized by Oum Kalsoums vocal range, who had one of the deepest singing voice for females. References: 1. Shira. Inte Omri: You Are My Life. Retreived on November 28, 2008. 2. You Tube. Omm Kalthoum-Inta Omri.Retreived on November 28, 2008. 3. Imeem. Inta Omri by Yahel. Retreived on November 28, 2008. 4. Egypt State Information Service. Umm Kolthoum. Retreived on November 28, 2008. 5. Al-Ahram Weekly. The Voice of Authority. Retreived on November 28, 2008. 6. Al-Ahram. Umm Kuthoum Superstar. Retreived on November 28, 2008. 7. OumKalthoum. org. Oum Kalthoum. Retreived on November 28, 2008. 8. Al-Masriq. Umm Kulthum. Retreived on November 28, 2008.

Philosophy And Development Of Greek And Chinese Mathematics Philosophy Essay

Philosophy And Development Of Greek And Chinese Mathematics Philosophy Essay At a glance, Greek mathematics would appear to possess the most influence on modern mathematics from methods of integration (developed from Eudoxus method of exhaustion) to the rigid logic adhered to in modern mathematics and would thus explain this thesis choice of comparing Greek mathematics. On the other hand, ancient Chinese mathematics appears to have differed largely from Greek mathematics in terms of development and for that reason was chosen for comparison in order to explore the possibilities of philosophical influence in mathematical development. Not only will this thesis explore the differences in the development of the respective mathematics and the factors involved in these differences, it will also explore the possible relevance of such findings to mathematicians in the further development of modern mathematics. However, given the rich history of each respective cultures mathematics, it would be next to impossible to explore their developments in vivid detail and as a result, only a basic overview of the characteristics of the mathematics prior to their interaction (when Matteo Ricci western missionary began introducing western concepts of mathematics to the Chinese) would be explored. Greek Mathematics? Easily identified by its focus on generalized mathematical theories and proofs, the Greeks seemed to have an idealized perception towards mathematics where instead of grounding them in reality, it was a goal to make mathematical concepts even more abstract. At the foundation of Greek mathematics were basic assumptions known as axioms. These axioms could neither be proven correct or wrong, and are considered self-evident. New theorems were derived from these axioms, and this happened in a process where conclusions were drawn from premises through the use of logic, otherwise known as deductive reasoning. An example of such use of deductive reasoning would be the 10 postulates (similar to axioms) seen in Euclids Elements which were used by Euclid to prove his various geometric theorems. Such a method of proving and deriving theorems deductively could be effectively seen as a form of abstraction, where abstracted theorems could be applied in any case related to the theorem. For instance, (Pythagorean Theorem) would be true for all cases of right angled triangles regardless of the numbers substituted into the theorem. Pythagoras was thus attributed to be one of the first men to grasp numbers as abstract entities.  [1]   With the prevalence of the use of deductive reasoning in the ancient mathematical schools of thought from the Sophist School to the Platonic School, it could be generalized that ancient Greek mathematics was characterized by abstract theories and generalized proofs. Chinese mathematics? The concept that the Chinese had of mathematics was radically different from the way the Greeks handled math. Instead of an axiomatic approach to mathematics (developing mathematics based on assumed axioms), the Chinese developed a far more practical approach. Science was valued for its many practical applications and astronomers in ancient China were also mathematicians who calculated planetary movements through the applied use of mathematics. Applying mathematics was seen even in the Jiuzhang Suanshu (considered one of the most important mathematical manuals in China to be written) which was in essence a collection of problems and rules that was applied practically. For instance the second chapter (Su Mi) of the book dealt with percentages and proportions for exchange of cereals, millet, or rice and helped in the production and management of grain. Chapter 6 (Jun Shu) allowed the calculation of proper distribution of grain and labour and dealt mainly with the problems of taxation of the people.  [2]   This problem-based approach revolved around the idea of applying the solutions of one problem to another in such a manner that would allow the other problem to be solved. For instance, the Jiuzhang Suanshu or Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art is in reality a collection of mathematical problems and their solutions. Mathematicians were then expected to extrapolate from these solutions other solutions to other problems. In the words of the Zhoubi Suanjing (one of the oldest complete mathematical manuals found in China), a person gains knowledge by analogy, that is, after understanding a particular line of argument they can infer various kinds of similar reasoning.  [3]   Given that the majority of the mathematical manuals discovered in China possessed the attribute of problem-based approaches (Jiuzhang Suanshu, Xu Shang Suanshu, Suan shu shu) are just some examples), we can easily conclude that the ways in which the Chinese approached mathematics was radically different from that of the Greeks. Greek and Chinese Philosophies Having understood the differences between the mathematics of both cultures, we must now begin to explore the possible causes of such a difference, and we first take a look at the philosophy that has guided the respective cultures. Greek Philosophy? Although it is commonly agreed that Socrates, Aristotle and Plato were one of the few greatest philosophers originating from the Greeks, the father of deductive mathematics Thales, contributed to ancient Greek philosophy even before the great philosophers and with his close association with the origins of Greek mathematics, it would be a mistake not to consider Thales contributions to the philosophy. Thales belonged to a school of thought called the Milesian school and these philosophers believed that all things were defined by their quintessential substance, which Thales thought was water.  [4]   Regardless of what Thales or any other philosophers from the pre-Socrates period of philosophy thought, it was clear that from the beginning the Greeks had already begun to seek out a basic form or substance that all things would be defined by. We thus begin to see similarities between their goals of having a unifying substance that would define all things in philosophy and in mathematics, where they sought abstracted theorems and mathematical proofs that would have applied to all cases of any related problems. Even Plato, in Book VII of The Republic, argued for the existence of Forms in his allegory of the caves. He believed that what we thought to be real were simply shadows cast by actual Forms that we could not really see. Plato argued that these non-material abstract Forms did not exist in time and space, and were not the material world that we perceived with our senses. Plato even suggested that only through the study of these Forms were we able to attain genuine knowledge. Through these ideas of abstract forms and substances that Greek philosophy seemed to follow, we begin to see that there is a general direction in which both philosophy and mathematics went: abstraction. Chinese Philosophy? When compared, it is clear that the philosophies of the Chinese differed greatly from that of the Greeks. Where the Greeks asked questions about the possible existence of a monotheistic deity, the Chinese were more concerned about the development of philosophy as an ethical and practical guide. Confucius was a philosopher who taught the importance of virtue and moral perfection. He explored ideas of humanity, loyalty, piety and the characteristics of a gentleman (a perfect man) in his teachings. The most fundamental of which, humanity and righteousness have since been argued to form the basis of morality.  [5]  In the Analects of Confucius, he explores these concepts of moral perfection and explains the importance of individuals of authority possessing these attributes. Confuciuss philosophy possessed dimensions of practicality which was seen from that fact that his teachings about piety were essentially descriptions of specific duties that an individual had according to his relationship with another. For instance, Confucius believed that a child should have respect for his parents and that parents should in turn love and care for their children. Being one of the main schools of thought in Chinese philosophy, Confucianism is thought to have had tremendous influence on the culture and history of China.  [6]  Additionally, in other Chinese philosophies such as Buddhism and Taoism teachings we see a form of instruction on a practical level (Buddhism instructed on how one should live in order to attain enlightenment). Although a lack of credible literature fails to either prove or disprove the influences of Chinese philosophy on their mathematics, one might argue that the general direction in which Chinese philosophy has taken appears to be similar to that of their mathematics. Other factors influencing mathematics? Although little is found regarding the history of the Greeks that could have affected the development of Greek mathematics, aspects of Chinese history might suggest the problem-based approach towards mathematics that was developed. Plato believed and explained in Book VII of The Republic that mathematics was important in understanding and attaining the idea of good which is the ultimate objective of philosophy. Plato believed that arithmetic and geometry allowed the mind to reflect and thus come closer to the truth, and also that the true use of arithmetic is in compelling the soul to reason about abstract number and repelling against the introduction of visible or tangible objects into the argument.  [7]  It has thus been argued that Plato believed that the ultimate aim of philosophy was to help the mind to understand and acquire the idea of good and that mathematics was a tool that helped to achieve that end. On the other hand, the Chinese clearly believed in the practical value of mathematics and a quick study of Chinese history revealed that mathematics was developed with practicality in mind. One clear example would be the earlier mentioned chapters of the Jiuzhang Suanshu on grain growing and taxation with the Chinese placing great emphasis on the importance of proper governance, mathematics was developed in order to calculate optimal methods of fair governance. The fact that the Chinese wrote mathematics with characters instead of alphabets would have also explained the need for them to discover the decimal system before other civilizations.  [8]  As mathematics was written with characters, the decimal system was invented to prevent the memorization of countless characters in order to recognize large numbers such as the date. With a decimal system, Chinese mathematics was thus able to gain an advantage over other civilizations in terms of the development of mathematics. Furthermore, during the period of Chinese mathematical development before 100 BC, the Chinese were interested in the areas of astrology and had a need to construct the calendar. As a result, many of the works produced in that time were related to astrology such as the Zhoubi Suanjing which provided instructions on measuring the positions of heavenly bodies using shadow gauges termed gnomons.  [9]  With the need to measure heights and distances that could not be measured directly (heights of structures or the distance of an island away from the mainland), the Chinese also developed their own variation of the Pythagoras theorem, which Liu Hui demonstrated in his Haidao Suanjing. As a result of some of the problems that the Chinese faced, we see the development of mathematics in China as a solution to some of these problems. Taking into consideration these other factors, there is clearly a relationship between the physical and cultural factors affecting China and their development of mathematics. On the other hand, while geometry had its practical uses for the Greeks, their main purpose for the study of mathematics was for instruction and loftier ideals of perfecting their souls. Concluding on the Extent of Influence on Mathematics Having considered the factors both philosophical and practical that might have affected the development of mathematics, one can see the distinct similarities between the cultures respective philosophy and how it has caused mathematics to develop. Ancient Greek mathematics developed in a manner that sought to separate concept from object, as could be inferred from their development of generalized mathematical theories in geometry (concept) discerned from postulates (object) since these postulates were observable truths such as All right angles are congruent. At the same time, the philosophy of the Greeks had similar objectives as could be seen from the above mentioned Forms and quintessential substances that the Greeks believed in. On the other hand, Chinese mathematics followed similar trends to that of their philosophy. With a focus on concrete examples and using analogies to solve other problems, the Chinese were clearly more concerned with matters of reality and had a pragmatic approach towards mathematics. Philosophically, there is a similar trend of practicality with the Chinese exploring the duties and proper etiquette of what they believed to be the perfect man. Again, the lack of credible literature seemingly undermines the entire relationship, yet it would be foolish to simply discount the fact that both philosophy and mathematics take on a similar direction in terms of development. Thus in conclusion, one could easily argue that the method by which philosophy was approached has been similar to that of the way mathematics was developed. Relevance to Modern Mathematicians? Truth and Mathematical Certainty? Having affirmed the relationship between philosophy and mathematics, we begin to question the relevance of such a relationship to modern mathematicians. One of the greatest questions of mathematics is its relevance to truth, and how mathematical inquiry may lead to certainty and truth. Before we begin to explore the question of which mathematics (Greek or Chinese) was closer to mathematical certainty and thus truth, we must keep in mind that Greek and Chinese mathematics were radically different in terms of method as was previously shown. Based on those methods, we can categorize the mathematics according to the theories of truth that they appear to abide by. The Chinese appeared to base their system on the modern theory of truth that is pragmatism. According to the theory in a simplified form, a concept may be considered true if it is directly relevant to reality. This meant that a concept would be true if it had any practical consequence and was thus judged based on its practical value. Pragmatism is thus highly pertinent to the method of Chinese mathematics, which was in essence a study of the practical effects of theories of mathematics. On the other hand, the Greek method appears to follow the theory of coherentism, which in simple terms was the theory that the truth of a system of beliefs could be determined based on how well it coheres with other systems of belief. This seems to be applicable to the Greek method of approaching mathematics, where axioms were the basic beliefs and entire systems (theorems) would be developed from these axioms. The truth of these systems would then be appraised according to how well they cohered with the basic sets of beliefs. One might argue that foundationalism would have been a more applicable theory to the Greek method, yet the Greeks did not simply base their theorems on noninferential knowledge such as axioms, and instead used postulates (inferential knowledge) in geometry. As a result, the axiomatic method of the Greeks would have appertained to the theory of coherentism. It is important to note that despite these theories of truth being modern, the concept behind method of mathematics and theory of truth appear to be similar, and would thus be applicable in the exploration of mathematical certainty. Who was more Certain? Having ascribed to Greek and Chinese mathematics coherentism and pragmatism respectively, the question of who was closer to mathematical certainty becomes apparent. Both schools clearly had their strengths and weaknesses in such a comparison, with the Chinese being directly relevant to reality and thus closer to certainty in terms of practicality. On the other hand, the Greeks would have believed that they were aspiring towards certainty through the separation of concept from object (abstraction), where truth in the complete discovery of all Forms would have been certainty. Given the extent of influence on modern mathematics that Greek mathematics has, one would easily consider the adopted Greek mathematics as more certain. Yet the idea of complete mathematical certainty seems to be impossible, as proved by Kurt Godel with his theorems that a system is either complete or consistent and thus impossibleto fully prove any proposition.  [10]  The ramifications thus being that certainty is impossible to achieve, and that in terms of the axiomatic method, mathematical certainty can never be fully arrived at. Furthermore, the existence of various theories of truth might already suggest that there is a lack of existence of complete certainty, and this thus suggests the probability of the quest for mathematical certainty being futile.

The Balance Of Power Theory Essay -- essays research papers

The Balance of Power Theory The most critical and obvious feature of international affairs is its state of anarchy. The international stage features many indepent actors each seeking their own best interest and security . With no sovereign body to govern over these actors it would seem that the system would never be capable of attaining any control. However this is not the reality of the system, we have seen in history that it is possible to restrain the players. It is said to be as a result of the concept of the Balance Of Power, which dictates the actions of states and provides a basis of control that states use when dealing with each other. This essay is aimed at investigating the concept of the balance of power and will in turn discuss the following points. The use of the B.O.P. concept to explain the behaviour of states . The ideal behaviour of states in the B.O.P. system and the problems of B.O.P. analysis. The concept of the B.O.P. can be a useful tool in explaining the behaviour of states. Mostly because it is founded on the theory that all states act to preserve thier own self interest. If they are to do this they must prevent domination by any other state, which leads to the assumption that they must build up power and form alliances. Throughout history we can see the B.O.P. concept in action. The clearest example of the B.O.P. concept can be found in the Cold War. In the Cold War the two superpowers the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. held a stable world balance between t...

Hegels Phenomenology of Spirit :: Philosophy Hegel Elephant Papers

Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit One of the most difficult philosophical works ever written is Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. In the "Introduction" to this work, Hegel attempts to aid his readers by describing the project that he carries out. But like so many things written by Hegel, the "Introduction" itself is formidable and very difficult to understand. In this paper, I attempt to "make sense" of the "Introduction" and, thus, contribute to the understanding of the Phenomenology. To achieve this end, I take the great liberty of comparing philosophers with blind men and Reality with an elephant. I take a series of claims made by Hegel in the "Introduction" and show how they make sense of his project once they are seen in the context of John Godfred Saxe’s poem, "The Blind Men and the Elephant." In doing so, I explain the similarity of problems presented in the poem and the Phenomenology. Further, I show how the nature of both problems places the same kind of restrictions on anyone trying to overcome either. While Saxe’s poem urges an acceptance of the fact that total truth is always beyond your grasp, Hegel’s goal is to achieve such a truth. What you will see is that all the characteristics that would have stopped most philosophers and Saxe, become the means by which Hegel thinks he can ultimately achieve knowledge of the Elephant. One of the most difficult of the "Great Philosophical Works" is Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. As you read the book, you are caught in a maze of conflicting claims and you quickly become unsure of your footing. Is this Hegel’s own position or is it a characterization of the very positions that he is attacking? In fact, it is not long before you begin to wonder: Where is Hegel in all this? If you turn to the "Introduction" of the Phenomenology, you find that, even when Hegel attempts to be helpful, his explanations do not really throw much light. "Now, because it has only phenomenal knowledge for its object, this exposition seems not to be Science, free and self-moving in its own peculiar shape; yet from this standpoint it can be regarded as the path of the natural consciousness which presses forward to true knowledge; or as the way of the Soul which journeys through the series of its own configurations as though they were the stations appointed for it by its own nature, so that it may purify itself for the life of the Spirit, and achieve finally, through a completed experience of itself, the awareness of what is really is in itself.

Analyse the gulling scene of Benedict in regards to comedy Essay

The gulling scene of Benedict is Shakespeare’s exploration of trickery and deception. The way in which deception and disorder are presented in the scene results in the comedy through Benedicts exaggerated reaction physically and in facial expression as well as in the whole scene we are in on the joke. The only reason for the deception in the scene paying off is because of the three antagonists making it very convincing this is the truth. When, the gulling scene is first presented between the antagonist roles of Leonato, Claudio and Don Pedro, we as an audience can see the bait that is laid out to the vulnerable Benedict. This is evident when Leonato states ‘she dote on Signor Benedict’ which implies that Beatrice has affection for Benedict who initially loves none. The reason for the comedy generated by this statement is it generates an exaggeration surprised facial expression from Benedict, due to the fact that Beatrice is the character who is said to despise and scorn Benedict and vice versa. In addition comedy, is generated as the audience instantly recognises that the three characters are deceiving the notorious Benedict, who despises love and wishes to die a bachelor. Moreover, comedy is spawned within the gulling scene because of the over-exaggeration of the language. The utilisaton of the phrase ‘enraged affection’ juxtaposes the rage and love, in order to depict Beatrice as someone who is uncontrollably in love with benedict, and the rage represents her anger from this. Furthermore, this phrase is an example of oxy-moron when two opposite emotions are used to emphasize the joke. The contradiction of both words seemingly would not normally fit alongside each other that are a reason for the comedy generated. Moreover, Leonato uses the word ‘infinite’ to describe the love and affection Beatrice has for Benedict. The word infinite is another example of the overstressed language. In this case, this is an example of dramatic irony to generate humor as Benedict does not a he is being deceived to create mild conflict as well as mischief in a playful way. A combination between the over-exaggeration and delivery of the language, in the gulling scene creates the comedy. This is apparent when Claudio says ‘ she falls, weeps, sobs, beats her heart, tears her hair, prays, curses’; the language and terminology that is used is highly exaggerated of Beatrice’s love and affection. The exploitation of this list form, of various different verbs in the present tense to describe her true emotion, generates amusement for the audience. Also, the urgency and fabrication contrasted with the quick pace of the delivery of the lines, is a form of emotional blackmailing. This is the entire opposite against what we have seen of Beatrice and these motions go entirely against her philosophy. This is similar to when Leonato responds to Claudio further fabricating her affection, when the term ‘ecstasy’ is employed. This is a sexual connotation for a sexual experience; reaching the climax/ orgasm that Beatrice feels when she is around Benedict. Linking back to the statement, it is clear to say that the deceit and the false report given by Leonato, Claudio and Don Pedro help in delivery the comedy to the audience. In addition, another factor, which helps to generate the comedy in the gulling scene, is Benedict lack observance that he is being tricked and deceived intentionally. Benedict is portrayed in this scene as being unintelligent, which is a serious contradiction to previous scenes where the battles of wit alongside cunning and clever statements. His unintelligence is projected when he states that the information that Beatrice loves him is of the source ‘ the white bearded fellow’ otherwise known as Leonato. Not only is comedy generated through is foolish remark, but also the way he refers to Leonato in this way, the slang for wise and prudent. Our expectations of Benedict are mistaken therefore it creates humor. In addition, the humor is created when Don Pedro states that Benedict has ‘contemptible spirit’, further justifying that Benedict deserved hatred for his lack of affection and care towards women. The comedy is generated, as we know that Benedict is carefully eavesdropping on the supposedly confidential conversation between the other characters, therefore his attitude and desire to prove them wrong in soliloquy part at the end of the act. Furthermore, when they contrast this with their description of Beatrice ‘an excellent sweet lady’, Benedict’s becomes frustrated with the faults in his personality and the realization that he has suppressed his love, implies he has deceived himself as well. In conclusion, it is debatable the key element in generating the comedy in the gulling scene however it is clearly evident that the use of over-exaggerated language, is vital. From, this scene we can now see that Benedict does not know his women as he says he does and his stupidity alongside his idiocy, helps benefits the comedy at hand. Furthermore, the influence that Don Pedro, Leonato and Claudio have over Benedicts thoughts is a necessity for the comedy to be generated.

Old Buildings

Many old buildings are protected by law because they are part of a nation’s history. However, some people think they should be knocked down to make way for new ones because people need houses and offices. How important is it to maintain old buildings? Should history stand in the way of progress? In the contemporary age, the contradiction between preserving history and progress becomes increasingly serious, which has disturbed and alarmed many people. In terms of the old buildings, many people assert that old buildings should be protected while others contend they should be knocked down for constructing the new ones. It is widely acknowledged that old buildings play the crucial role in our society. First of all, old buildings are the indispensable parts of the history, which could reveal the historical mysterious and witness the development of history. Meanwhile, many old buildings are the icons or landmarks of the nation. To illustrate, the Forbidden City symbolizes the Chinese time-honored history and becomes the important tourist spot. The existences of old buildings tend to maintain the distinct features of the cities as well as avoid those cosmopolitan cities are awash by the skyscrapers. More specifically, the old buildings reflect the national unique culture lasting hundred and thousand years. However, due to the widespread of demolishing the old buildings, the extinction of culture identity will ensue. Overall, in nowadays, there is unanimous consensus on maintaining old buildings which is the effective method to preserving history. There is no denying that the history gives us overall experience of the nation’s past. Comparing with history, we could draw a host of lessons, thereby avoiding mistakes for current progress. Nevertheless, people empower to pursue blindly the maximum profit for enhancing the level of our daily lives and progress of human society, from the long-term point of view, sacrificing the history to meet our current need would hinder the development. In my view, there is definite link between preserving history and progress but the fundamental contradiction. History is conductive to our progress and we should take it seriously forever.

MOD 7 Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MOD 7 Discussion - Essay Example The foremost driving force to water protection and conservation is its being a limited natural resource of finite availability, with only 0.6 percent of global water being fresh and 0.03% accessible for human consumption. Water is getting scarce and its demand rising from climate change and increasing human population respectively. Reasons for the human community to have a concern for water spread across diverse areas because water forms an essential part of the ecosystem, even sustaining the under-water life. Arousing a pro-active response is the alarming decline in the sea water level, drying sources, declining glacier on top of the mountains and low water tables, which all serve but as assurances that water quantity is indeed declining. Pollution makes the key initiator of all water problems and it is by addressing the same that we can eradicate water scarcity. With dwindling water supply, the world’s major economic pillars including agriculture and industrialization are going to suffer the blow. Water pollution at the same time poses numerous health risks to consumers. The second initiator of water scarcity is irresponsible consumption behavior, eventually resulting to wastage of fresh water, while apparently; statistics show that one in nine people worldwide do not have access to fresh

Business strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business strategy - Assignment Example Continuous upgradation of its fleet is another area of its core competency. Strategic analysis using PESTEL and Five Forces analysis suggests that Etihad operates in an attractive industry but the buying power of consumers is high due to high level of competition in the industry. However, because of their core strengths, the airline would be able to achieve its goals and mission. There is ample opportunity for growth and expansion and based on its differentiation strategy, Etihad would continue to grow. Etihad has the location advantage also but customer service is not difficult to replicate and hence, Etihad needs to pursue differentiation through the economic support of the emirate. Analysis of the business strategy helps ascertain the location of the organization within the industry environment. Strategy need not be based on rational planning or even conscious making decision assumptions (Mintzberg, 1987). Strategy can be formulated at three different levels – the corporate level, the business unit level and the functional or departmental level. This paper would analyse the business level and the functional level strategy adopted by Abu Dhabi based Etihad Airlines. Sustainable competitive advantage can be created and maintained either through market position or through core competencies (Leavy, 2003). The positioning approach can be evaluated through PESTEL analysis and the generic strategies which would reveal two dimensions of positioning – the industry attractiveness and the competitive strength. The strategic choice should be on how to leverage advantage amidst the competitive environment. The strategic choice should fit with the goals and objectives to gain competitive advantage (Allen & Helms, 2006). Porter asserts that there are three basic strategies and firms perform best by adopting one of them – cost leadership, differentiation and focus (Allen & Helms, 2006). To become an industry leader, the company must be competitive. While

Parallels In U.S. History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Parallels In U.S. History - Essay Example The Confederates were defeated and surrendered on April 9, 1865. The Civil War succeeded in providing equal civil rights to all Americans. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation that declared freedom for slaves in all Confederate States. Congress passed the 13th (1865), 14th (1868) and 15th (1870) Amendments to the Constitution outlawing slavery, confirming citizenship of blacks and making it illegal to deny the right to vote on the basis of race. Business and the Economy developed and expanded after the Civil War. American industry changed dramatically. Machines were used to replace hand labor. Major inventions took place such as the typewriter (Christopher Latham Sholes), farm equipment (Deere & Co.) and celluloid (John Wesley Hyatt). Telegraph lines and railroads began to reshape the economy. The American Railway system became a nationwide transportation network that spurred economic growth. Investors invested huge sums of money in the stocks and bonds of corporations; banks lent corporations money to expand their business activities. Industrial growth caused cities to expand as people began to migrate in record numbers. In contrast, the South, badly hit by major wartime losses, failed Confederate currencies and disintegrated labor supply, suffered a doomed economy, with large farms broken into parcels and given out to tenant farming: the tenant farmers lacked the incentive to improve land that was not their own, and the l and owners did not have full control over production. In Art and Architecture, artists like Jasper Cropsey and Albert Bioerstadt popularized landscape painting. American realism entered art during the Civil War with artists like Winslow Homer and Lily Martin Spencer painting civil war scenes. The Civil War resulted in a large demand for statues of leading figures such

Health Informatics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health Informatics - Assignment Example Thus good quality research may be considered an effect of clinical informatics. Alternately, clinical informatics may be identified as a cause of good quality research. We, as health care professionals, should be more involved with the organizations of health care informatics because the research they do and the knowledge they produce is meant to bring an improvement in our own health care strategies, policies, and procedures. As health care professionals, we serve as important sources of information for the health care informatics organizations. â€Å"Clinical Informatics is concerned with information use in health care by clinicians† (American Medical Informatics Association, 2012). They require our input and need us to share our experiences in order to have a detailed in-sight into the problems and identify the correct solutions. Moreover, health care informatics organizations are important to us as they provide us with an opportunity to learn about the latest biomedical knowledge, information technology, and methodologies of knowledge management which we can implement in our work to improve the quality of our work and our performance. He alth care professionals and health care informatics organization are mutually beneficial to each

Leadership and Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership and Performance Management - Essay Example In addition to that, recession also added to their demise. Heavy operating costs allowed other competitors with lower costs to capture North American market which was GM’s territory earlier. While assessing some of the decisions taken by GM’s leadership, it was found that closure of GM’s hybrid cars unit along with layoffs and prior faulty acquisitions added to GM’s expense list which had no means to be satisfied. 1.1 Key Findings GM has faced problems due to its highly bureaucratic culture and sluggish approach towards development and innovation. Its slow performance in the recent years has its roots in its earlier catastrophic decisions that were taken in 1970s and 80s but had a long-term impact on the organizational performance which ultimately leads to a government bailout in 2009. GM has made several bad investments in the vehicle models that were not answering consumer’s requirements and also were competitive to each other which further result ed in slow growth of the company. GM had various brands at its portfolio which required major expenses in terms of research and development for proper brand management. Failure to keep up with consumers’ demands ultimately lead to slow sales of these brands which affected cash inflow in turn (Maynard, 2009). Instead of ensuring that consumers’ demands for compact and energy-efficient cars is met, GM under the leadership of Wagoner, shut down EV1 electric cars program. With lower vehicle sales, the operating expenses and manufacturing costs increased greatly as a result of which GM was forced to increase its prices. The burden was passed onto the consumer which act as a deterrent for GM’s sales. As a result of this program’s shutdown, billions were lost in terms of research and development. Furthermore, there was a major recall from the roads which made GM compensate the lessees for the losses incurred. The already manufactured models were crushed which no t only failed to recover original manufacturing costs but also added to it due to extra expenses incurred in terms of amortization. Failure to capture the niche market on timely basis allowed Japanese cars to capture a major North market share which was the territory of GM earlier (Hartung, 2009). Shutting down hybrid cars program had a major impact on GM’s profitability. But most importantly, it affected the brand image greatly. It strengthen GM’s persona of being a giant and slow enterprise incapable of understanding consumer’s requirement and respond to it accordingly. Due to global recession and GM’s series of bad decisions especially poor brand management, faulty investments and shut down of hybrid cars, GM filed a loss of over $ 30 million dollars. These losses include major amounts in terms of lowered share prices and also exceptional operational expenses. After filing these losses, GM filed for bankruptcy and was later bailed out by US government. 1.2 Evidences One of the major evidences that indicated GM’s catastrophic decision making failures was GM’s financial statements and other reports published on the subject matter. According to Hargreaves (2008), â€Å"General Motors reported a huge second-quarter net loss Friday of $15.5 billion, after restructuring and other charges, as the automaker's run of troubles continued. The automaker lost $27.33 per share in the quarter, compared to a